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financial part

  • 1 Wirtschaftsteil

    Wirtschaftsteil m 1. GEN business pages; 2. MEDIA economic section (einer Zeitung)
    * * *
    m 1. < Geschäft> business pages; 2. < Medien> einer Zeitung economic section
    * * *
    Wirtschaftsteil
    (Zeitung) financial (business-page) columns, financial part, city news (Br.)

    Business german-english dictionary > Wirtschaftsteil

  • 2 Wirtschaftstagung

    Wirtschaftstagung
    economic conference, industrial gathering;
    • Wirtschaftstätigkeit economic activity;
    • grenzüberschreitende Wirtschaftstätigkeit cross-border economic activity;
    • Wirtschaftsteil (Zeitung) financial (business-page) columns, financial part, city news (Br.);
    • Wirtschaftsteilnehmer economic actors;
    • Wirtschaftstendenz economic trend;
    • Wirtschaftsterminologie economic (business) terminology;
    • Wirtschaftstheoretiker economic theorist;
    • Wirtschaftstreuhänder conventional trustee;
    • Wirtschaftsüberschuss earned surplus;
    • stabiles und wettbewerbsfähiges Wirtschaftsumfeld stable and competitive economic environment;
    • Wirtschaftsumschau business roundtrip;
    • Wirtschaftsumschwung changes in the underlying trend, turn (break) of the market;
    • Wirtschaftsunion economic union;
    • Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion (WWU) economic and monetary union (EMU);
    • Wirtschaftsunterhändler trade negotiator.

    Business german-english dictionary > Wirtschaftstagung

  • 3 финансовый раздел

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > финансовый раздел

  • 4 финансовый раздел

    (в газете) financial part

    Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > финансовый раздел

  • 5 engagement

    engagement [ɑ̃gaʒmɑ̃]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = promesse) commitment ; ( = accord) agreement
    • faire face à/honorer ses engagements to meet/honour one's commitments
       b. [d'employé] taking on ; ( = recrutement) [de soldats] enlistment
       c. ( = contrat d'artiste) engagement
       d. [de capitaux] investing ; [de dépenses] incurring
       e. ( = coup d'envoi) kick-off ; (au Ping-Pong) service
       f. ( = prise de position) commitment ( dans to)
    • engagement personnel/politique personal/political commitment
    * * *
    ɑ̃gaʒmɑ̃
    nom masculin
    1) ( promesse) commitment

    remplir ses engagements — to honour [BrE] one's commitments

    2) ( participation) involvement
    3) Armée (fait de s'engager, durée) enlistment; ( combat) engagement
    4) ( contrat) engagement
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ɑ̃ɡaʒmɑ̃ nm
    1) (= recrutement) taking on, MILITAIRE enlistment
    2) (= lancement) [offensive, manoeuvre] starting
    3) (= mise en oeuvre) [ressources] investing
    4) (= promesse) commitment
    5) (= implication de soi) commitment

    Son engagement politique lui fait honneur, mais cela lui a coûté son poste. — His political commitment is to his credit, but it cost him his job.

    6) MILITAIRE (= combat) engagement, SPORT (dans une compétition) entry
    * * *
    1 ( promesse) commitment; engagement moral/solennel moral/solemn commitment; engagements financiers financial commitments; prendre un engagement to make a commitment; prendre l'engagement de faire to undertake to do; l'engagement pris par la direction de faire the management's undertaking to do; remplir ses engagements to honourGB one's commitments; ne pas honorer or respecter or tenir ses engagements to fail to honourGB one's commitments; sans engagement de votre part Jur with no obligation on your part;
    2 ( participation) involvement; mon engagement dans la politique/le projet my involvement in politics/the project;
    3 Mil ( fait de s'engager) enlistment; ( durée) enlistment; ( combat) engagement; un engagement de trois ans a three-year enlistment;
    4 ( contrat) engagement; avoir plusieurs engagements [acteur, chanteur] to have several engagements;
    5 ( pendant l'accouchement) engagement.
    engagement contractuel contractual obligation; engagement à l'essai employment on a trial basis; engagement politique political commitment; engagement volontaire volunteering.
    [ɑ̃gaʒmɑ̃] nom masculin
    1. [promesse] commitment, undertaking, engagement (soutenu)
    faire honneur à/manquer à ses engagements to honour/to fail to honour one's commitments
    respecter ses engagements envers quelqu'un to fulfil (UK) ou to fulfill (US) one's commitments ou obligations towards somebody
    b. [dans une publicité] no obligation to buy
    3. [embauche] appointment, hiring
    CINÉMA & THÉÂTRE job
    4. [début] beginning, start
    [mise en action]
    [recrutement] enlistment
    6. [prise de position] commitment
    7. [mise en gage] pawning
    9. SPORT [participation] entry

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > engagement

  • 6 director

    adj.
    director, directing.
    m.
    1 director, leader, principal.
    2 superintendent, manager, officer.
    3 conductor, orchestra conductor.
    4 warden.
    5 headmaster, head teacher.
    * * *
    1 directing, managing
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 director, manager
    2 (de colegio - hombre) headmaster; (mujer) headmistress
    5 (de cárcel) governor
    6 (de orquesta) conductor
    \
    director,-ra de cine film director
    director,-ra de escena stage manager
    director espiritual father confessor
    director,-ra gerente managing director
    * * *
    (f. - directora)
    noun
    director, manager, head, headmaster
    * * *
    director, -a
    1.
    ADJ [consejo, junta] governing; [principio] guiding
    2. SM / F
    1) (=responsable) [de centro escolar] headteacher, headmaster/headmistress, principal; [de periódico, revista] editor; (Cine, TV) director; [de orquesta] conductor; [de hospital] manager, administrator; [de prisión] governor, warden (EEUU)

    director(a) artístico/a — artistic director

    director(a) de departamento — (Univ) head of department

    director(a) de funeraria — undertaker, funeral director, mortician (EEUU)

    director(a) de interiores — (TV) studio director

    director(a) de tesis — thesis supervisor, research supervisor

    2) (Com) (=gerente) manager; [de mayor responsabilidad] director

    director(a) adjunto/a — assistant manager

    director(a) ejecutivo/a — executive director, managing director

    director(a) técnico/a — technical manager

    3.
    SM
    (Rel)
    * * *
    - tora masculino, femenino
    a) ( de escuela) (m) head teacher, principal (AmE), headmaster (BrE); (f) head teacher, principal (AmE), headmistress (BrE); (de periódico, revista) editor (in chief); ( de hospital) administrator; ( de prisión) warden (AmE), governor (BrE)
    b) (Com) ( gerente) manager; ( miembro de junta directiva) director, executive
    c) (Cin, Teatr) director
    * * *
    = chairman [chairmen, pl.], chairperson [chairpersons, -pl.], chief, chief librarian, director, head, manager [manageress, -fem.], headmaster, office manager, business manager, chair.
    Ex. As head of a committee, and being recognized as such, it's perfectly all right with me if I'm called the chairman rather than the chairwoman.
    Ex. Special thanks to the ISAD Program Planning Committee, in particular its chairperson, for the conceptual organization.
    Ex. He subsequently served as chief of that Division, chief of the Serial Record Division, Assistant Director for Cataloging of the Processing Department, Director of the Processing Department, and Assistant Librarian of Processing Services.
    Ex. The chief librarian or director of libraries, by which title the post is sometimes now known, will in general be fully occupied with making decisions on internal professional policy, committee work, and administration and management in the widest sense.
    Ex. Hugh C, Atkinson, director of the University of Illinois Libraries, has consistently been in the forefront in applying automation to traditional library problems and services.
    Ex. She began her career at Central Missouri State University where she was head of the Documents Depository.
    Ex. Such hosts are more likely to be accessed by end-users such as economists and managers, than information workers.
    Ex. The author played a large part in the successful establishment of the school library when her husband became headmaster = La autora desempeñó un gran papel en la creación de la biblioteca escolar cuando su esposo fue nombrado director.
    Ex. This department is headed by a general office manager who has a staff of bookkeepers, billing clerks, comptrollers, and secretaries.
    Ex. Watman wondered how the profession would react to the idea of a business manager instead of assistant.
    Ex. Once elected, the chair is responsible for maintaining discipline and ensuring that all students are treated fairly.
    ----
    * cargo de director = directorship.
    * cartas al director = letter to the editor.
    * Conferencia de Directores de Bibliotecas Nacionales (CDNL) = Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL).
    * directora conjunta = co-chairperson.
    * director adjunto = assistant director, deputy director, joint director.
    * director artístico = art director.
    * director cinematográfico = film director.
    * director comercial = marketing executive, chief commercial officer.
    * director conjunto = co-chairperson.
    * director de biblioteca = library director.
    * director de cine = film director.
    * director de curso = course leader.
    * director de departamento = department head.
    * director de empresa = company director.
    * director de escuela = school principal.
    * director de filial = branch head.
    * director de finanzas = finance director.
    * director de funeraria = funeral director, undertaker, mortician.
    * director de la biblioteca = head librarian.
    * director de marketing = marketing executive.
    * director de museo = curator.
    * director de operaciones = chief operating officer (COO), director for operations.
    * director de orquesta = conductor.
    * director de periódico = newspaper editor.
    * director de pompas fúnebres = undertaker, funeral director, mortician.
    * director de prisión = prison warden.
    * director de tesis = PhD supervisor, dissertation adviser, dissertation supervisor, thesis supervisor, thesis adviser, research supervisor.
    * director ejecutivo = executive director, executive officer, chief executive officer (CEO), managing director, chief executive.
    * director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.
    * director, el = principal.
    * director financiero = finance director, chief financial officer.
    * director general = executive director, Director-General, executive officer, chief executive officer (CEO), chief executive, senior director.
    * director principal = senior director.
    * partichela de piano director, violín director, etc = piano/violin, etc. conductor part.
    * subdirector = assistant director.
    * * *
    - tora masculino, femenino
    a) ( de escuela) (m) head teacher, principal (AmE), headmaster (BrE); (f) head teacher, principal (AmE), headmistress (BrE); (de periódico, revista) editor (in chief); ( de hospital) administrator; ( de prisión) warden (AmE), governor (BrE)
    b) (Com) ( gerente) manager; ( miembro de junta directiva) director, executive
    c) (Cin, Teatr) director
    * * *
    el director

    Ex: Anthony read the handwritten note he found in his mailbox from the principal of the high school at which he had been employed as head of the school media program for one month.

    = chairman [chairmen, pl.], chairperson [chairpersons, -pl.], chief, chief librarian, director, head, manager [manageress, -fem.], headmaster, office manager, business manager, chair.

    Ex: As head of a committee, and being recognized as such, it's perfectly all right with me if I'm called the chairman rather than the chairwoman.

    Ex: Special thanks to the ISAD Program Planning Committee, in particular its chairperson, for the conceptual organization.
    Ex: He subsequently served as chief of that Division, chief of the Serial Record Division, Assistant Director for Cataloging of the Processing Department, Director of the Processing Department, and Assistant Librarian of Processing Services.
    Ex: The chief librarian or director of libraries, by which title the post is sometimes now known, will in general be fully occupied with making decisions on internal professional policy, committee work, and administration and management in the widest sense.
    Ex: Hugh C, Atkinson, director of the University of Illinois Libraries, has consistently been in the forefront in applying automation to traditional library problems and services.
    Ex: She began her career at Central Missouri State University where she was head of the Documents Depository.
    Ex: Such hosts are more likely to be accessed by end-users such as economists and managers, than information workers.
    Ex: The author played a large part in the successful establishment of the school library when her husband became headmaster = La autora desempeñó un gran papel en la creación de la biblioteca escolar cuando su esposo fue nombrado director.
    Ex: This department is headed by a general office manager who has a staff of bookkeepers, billing clerks, comptrollers, and secretaries.
    Ex: Watman wondered how the profession would react to the idea of a business manager instead of assistant.
    Ex: Once elected, the chair is responsible for maintaining discipline and ensuring that all students are treated fairly.
    * cargo de director = directorship.
    * cartas al director = letter to the editor.
    * Conferencia de Directores de Bibliotecas Nacionales (CDNL) = Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL).
    * directora conjunta = co-chairperson.
    * director adjunto = assistant director, deputy director, joint director.
    * director artístico = art director.
    * director cinematográfico = film director.
    * director comercial = marketing executive, chief commercial officer.
    * director conjunto = co-chairperson.
    * director de biblioteca = library director.
    * director de cine = film director.
    * director de curso = course leader.
    * director de departamento = department head.
    * director de empresa = company director.
    * director de escuela = school principal.
    * director de filial = branch head.
    * director de finanzas = finance director.
    * director de funeraria = funeral director, undertaker, mortician.
    * director de la biblioteca = head librarian.
    * director de marketing = marketing executive.
    * director de museo = curator.
    * director de operaciones = chief operating officer (COO), director for operations.
    * director de orquesta = conductor.
    * director de periódico = newspaper editor.
    * director de pompas fúnebres = undertaker, funeral director, mortician.
    * director de prisión = prison warden.
    * director de tesis = PhD supervisor, dissertation adviser, dissertation supervisor, thesis supervisor, thesis adviser, research supervisor.
    * director ejecutivo = executive director, executive officer, chief executive officer (CEO), managing director, chief executive.
    * director ejecutivo de la gestión del conocimiento = knowledge executive.
    * director, el = principal.
    * director financiero = finance director, chief financial officer.
    * director general = executive director, Director-General, executive officer, chief executive officer (CEO), chief executive, senior director.
    * director principal = senior director.
    * partichela de piano director, violín director, etc = piano/violin, etc. conductor part.
    * subdirector = assistant director.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    1 (de una escuela) ( masculine) head teacher, principal ( AmE), headmaster ( BrE); ( feminine) head teacher, principal ( AmE), headmistress ( BrE); (de un periódico, una revista) editor, editor in chief; (de un hospital) administrator; (de una prisión) warden ( AmE), governor ( BrE)
    2 ( Com) (gerente) manager; (miembro de la junta directiva) director, executive
    3 ( Cin, Teatr) director
    Compuestos:
    ● director adjunto, directora adjunta
    masculine, feminine deputy director
    ● director/directora de división
    masculine, feminine divisional director
    ● director/directora de escena
    masculine, feminine stage manager
    ● director/directora de orquesta
    masculine, feminine conductor
    ● director/directora de ventas
    masculine, feminine sales manager o director
    ● director ejecutivo, directora ejecutiva
    masculine, feminine executive director
    masculine father confessor
    ● director/directora general
    masculine, feminine (de una empresa) general manager; (de un organismo oficial) director-general
    ● director/directora gerente
    masculine, feminine managing director
    ● director técnico, directora técnica
    masculine, feminine ( AmL) head coach ( AmE), manager ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    director
    ◊ - tora sustantivo masculino, femenino

    a) ( de escuela) (m) head teacher, principal (AmE), headmaster (BrE);

    (f) head teacher, principal (AmE), headmistress (BrE);
    (de periódico, revista) editor (in chief);
    ( de hospital) administrator;
    ( de prisión) warden (AmE), governor (BrE)
    b) (Com) ( gerente) manager;

    ( miembro de junta directiva) director, executive;

    c) (Cin, Teatr) director;


    director,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 director
    (de un colegio) head teacher, US principal
    (de un periódico) editor
    2 (de una película, musical) director
    (de orquesta) conductor
    ' director' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    achuchar
    - cineasta
    - consejera
    - consejero
    - definitivamente
    - desear
    - dirección
    - directiva
    - directivo
    - directora
    - dtor
    - entrante
    - fiscal
    - galerista
    - general
    - proyecto
    - realizador
    - realizadora
    - sazón
    - script
    - subdirector
    - subdirectora
    - adjunto
    - interino
    - jefe
    - llegar
    - secretario
    - señor
    English:
    advertise
    - climax
    - conductor
    - deputy
    - director
    - dismiss
    - distrust
    - film
    - film maker
    - governor
    - head
    - headmaster
    - hook
    - manager
    - managing
    - MD
    - meeting
    - mgr
    - Postmaster General
    - president
    - principal
    - producer
    - put through
    - showman
    - stage director
    - stage manager
    - superintendent
    - act
    - ask
    - coach
    - controller
    - editor
    - editorial
    - elevate
    - funeral
    - instigation
    - managing director
    - mortician
    - movie
    - stage
    - take
    - warden
    * * *
    director, -ora nm,f
    1. [de empresa] director;
    [de hotel, hospital, banco] manager, f manageress; [de periódico] editor; [de colegio] Br headmaster, f headmistress, US principal; [de cárcel] Br governor, US warden director adjunto associate o deputy director;
    director comercial marketing manager;
    director ejecutivo executive director;
    director espiritual spiritual director;
    director financiero finance o financial director, US chief financial officer;
    director en funciones acting manager;
    director general general manager;
    director gerente managing director, chief executive, esp US chief executive officer;
    director de recursos humanos human resources manager;
    director técnico [en fútbol] director of football;
    director de tesis supervisor;
    director de ventas sales director o manager
    2. [de obra artística] director
    director artístico artistic director;
    director de cine movie o Br film director;
    director de circo ringmaster;
    director de escena producer, stage manager;
    director de fotografía director of photography;
    director musical musical director;
    * * *
    I adj leading
    II m, directora f
    1 de empresa manager
    2 EDU principal, Br
    head (teacher)
    3 TEA, de película director
    * * *
    1) : director, manager, head
    2) : conductor (of an orchestra)
    * * *
    1. (de cine) director
    2. (de empresa, banco) manager
    3. (de colegio) head / headteacher
    4. (de periódico) editor

    Spanish-English dictionary > director

  • 7 apoyo

    m.
    2 hold, support, stay, buttress.
    3 help, co-operation, assistance, cooperation.
    4 supporter, person who lends support, backer, prop.
    5 crutch.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: apoyar.
    * * *
    1 support
    2 figurado support, backing, help
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=ayuda) support

    apoyo psicológico — counselling, counseling (EEUU)

    2) [a una propuesta, idea] support, backing
    3) (=apoyatura) support
    * * *
    masculino support
    * * *
    = backing, endorsement, support, advocacy, prop, escort, anchor, anchor point, supportiveness, sustainment, a shoulder to cry on, backup [back-up], buttress.
    Ex. Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.
    Ex. The project was given endorsement by the Standing Committees of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing and the then Section on Mechanization.
    Ex. BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.
    Ex. However, what American libraries mean by advocacy is 'Work to overcome obstacles that the enquirer encounters in trying to secure help from outside resource agencies'.
    Ex. The main props to any retrospective bibliography must be a well formed national library which has a long history of collecting the records of a nation's culture.
    Ex. Escort can be seen as part of the referral process or as a separate activity of accompanying a client to ensure that the person reaches the source of help.
    Ex. This format can provide an anchor for instructional designers attempting to come to terms with the vast potential of hypertext and hypermedia.
    Ex. This article stresses the importance of the library as a permanent anchor point for the local community.
    Ex. Percentage of books in a discipline charged out by students majoring in other disciplines was defined as the ' supportiveness' of that discipline.
    Ex. America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality.
    Ex. I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex. The aggressiveness of a number of publications on this subject, replete with their accusations without any backup, can be interpreted as settling of scores.
    Ex. They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    ----
    * administrativo de apoyo = clerical employee.
    * apoyo administrativo = administrative support.
    * apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support.
    * apoyo del personal = staff support.
    * apoyo económico = financial support, financial backing.
    * apoyo estatal = state support.
    * apoyo financiero = financial backing.
    * apoyo moral = moral support.
    * apoyo mutuo = mutual support.
    * apoyo para los pies = footrest.
    * apoyo técnico = service support, technical support, product support, tech support.
    * apoyo técnico de aplicaciones informáticas = software support.
    * buscar apoyo = line up + support.
    * buscar el apoyo de = woo.
    * carta de apoyo = letter of support.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * clases de apoyo = remedial teaching.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * conseguir apoyo = mobilise + support, win + support, line up + support, gain + support.
    * contar con apoyo para = have + support for.
    * contar con el apoyo de Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * contar con el apoyo necesario para = have + the power behind to.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * dar apoyo = give + support, support, provide + support.
    * de apoyo = enabling, supportive.
    * destreza de apoyo = ancillary skill.
    * educación de apoyo = remedial education.
    * en apoyo a = in support of.
    * estructura de apoyo = support structure.
    * fomentar apoyo = build + support.
    * ganarse el apoyo = earn + support.
    * grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.
    * herramienta de apoyo = enabler.
    * material didáctico de apoyo = study aide.
    * mecanismo de apoyo = enabler.
    * merecer apoyo = be deserving of support.
    * ofrecer apoyo = support, provide + support, rally (a)round, rally behind.
    * personal administrativo de apoyo = clerical staff, clerical worker, clerical personnel.
    * personal de apoyo = paraprofessional staff, support staff.
    * personal de apoyo bibliotecario = library support staff.
    * personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.
    * prestar apoyo = lend + support, support.
    * prestar apoyo a = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * proporcionar apoyo = provide + support, support.
    * punto de apoyo = foothold.
    * que actúa de apoyo = supporting, supporting.
    * recabar apoyo = garner + support.
    * recibir apoyo = receive + support, attract + support.
    * redirigir el apoyo = divert + support.
    * ser un gran apoyo = be a tower of strength.
    * servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.
    * servicio de apoyo = backup service, support service.
    * servir de apoyo a = inform.
    * sin apoyo = unsupported.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * solicitar apoyo = canvass + support.
    * técnica de apoyo = enabling skill.
    * tecnología de apoyo = enabling technology.
    * trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.
    * trabajo de apoyo = escort work.
    * * *
    masculino support
    * * *
    = backing, endorsement, support, advocacy, prop, escort, anchor, anchor point, supportiveness, sustainment, a shoulder to cry on, backup [back-up], buttress.

    Ex: Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.

    Ex: The project was given endorsement by the Standing Committees of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing and the then Section on Mechanization.
    Ex: BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.
    Ex: However, what American libraries mean by advocacy is 'Work to overcome obstacles that the enquirer encounters in trying to secure help from outside resource agencies'.
    Ex: The main props to any retrospective bibliography must be a well formed national library which has a long history of collecting the records of a nation's culture.
    Ex: Escort can be seen as part of the referral process or as a separate activity of accompanying a client to ensure that the person reaches the source of help.
    Ex: This format can provide an anchor for instructional designers attempting to come to terms with the vast potential of hypertext and hypermedia.
    Ex: This article stresses the importance of the library as a permanent anchor point for the local community.
    Ex: Percentage of books in a discipline charged out by students majoring in other disciplines was defined as the ' supportiveness' of that discipline.
    Ex: America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality.
    Ex: I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex: The aggressiveness of a number of publications on this subject, replete with their accusations without any backup, can be interpreted as settling of scores.
    Ex: They used schools as a buttress of a caste system designed to subordinate blacks socially, to cramp them economically under a rigid job ceiling.
    * administrativo de apoyo = clerical employee.
    * apoyo administrativo = administrative support.
    * apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support.
    * apoyo del personal = staff support.
    * apoyo económico = financial support, financial backing.
    * apoyo estatal = state support.
    * apoyo financiero = financial backing.
    * apoyo moral = moral support.
    * apoyo mutuo = mutual support.
    * apoyo para los pies = footrest.
    * apoyo técnico = service support, technical support, product support, tech support.
    * apoyo técnico de aplicaciones informáticas = software support.
    * buscar apoyo = line up + support.
    * buscar el apoyo de = woo.
    * carta de apoyo = letter of support.
    * centro de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * clases de apoyo = remedial teaching.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * conseguir apoyo = mobilise + support, win + support, line up + support, gain + support.
    * contar con apoyo para = have + support for.
    * contar con el apoyo de Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * contar con el apoyo necesario para = have + the power behind to.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * dar apoyo = give + support, support, provide + support.
    * de apoyo = enabling, supportive.
    * destreza de apoyo = ancillary skill.
    * educación de apoyo = remedial education.
    * en apoyo a = in support of.
    * estructura de apoyo = support structure.
    * fomentar apoyo = build + support.
    * ganarse el apoyo = earn + support.
    * grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.
    * herramienta de apoyo = enabler.
    * material didáctico de apoyo = study aide.
    * mecanismo de apoyo = enabler.
    * merecer apoyo = be deserving of support.
    * ofrecer apoyo = support, provide + support, rally (a)round, rally behind.
    * personal administrativo de apoyo = clerical staff, clerical worker, clerical personnel.
    * personal de apoyo = paraprofessional staff, support staff.
    * personal de apoyo bibliotecario = library support staff.
    * personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.
    * prestar apoyo = lend + support, support.
    * prestar apoyo a = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * proporcionar apoyo = provide + support, support.
    * punto de apoyo = foothold.
    * que actúa de apoyo = supporting, supporting.
    * recabar apoyo = garner + support.
    * recibir apoyo = receive + support, attract + support.
    * redirigir el apoyo = divert + support.
    * ser un gran apoyo = be a tower of strength.
    * servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.
    * servicio de apoyo = backup service, support service.
    * servir de apoyo a = inform.
    * sin apoyo = unsupported.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * solicitar apoyo = canvass + support.
    * técnica de apoyo = enabling skill.
    * tecnología de apoyo = enabling technology.
    * trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.
    * trabajo de apoyo = escort work.

    * * *
    1 (respaldo) support
    no cuentan con el apoyo popular they do not have the support of the people o enjoy popular support
    agradezco el apoyo que me han brindado en todo momento I am grateful for the support you have given me throughout
    apoyo A algo support FOR sth
    han retirado su apoyo a esta iniciativa they have withdrawn their support for o their backing of this initiative
    una campaña de apoyo a la investigación científica a campaign in support of scientific research
    2 ( Ling):
    vocal/consonante de apoyo intrusive vowel/consonant
    * * *

     

    Del verbo apoyar: ( conjugate apoyar)

    apoyo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    apoyó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    apoyar    
    apoyo
    apoyar ( conjugate apoyar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( hacer descansar) apoyo (algo en algo) to rest (sth on sth);

    2
    a) ( respaldar) ‹propuesta/persona› to back, support


    apoyarse verbo pronominal
    1 (para sostenerse, descansar) apoyose en algo to lean on sth
    2 (basarse, fundarse) apoyose en algo to be based on sth
    apoyo sustantivo masculino
    support;
    apoyo a algo support for sth
    apoyar verbo transitivo
    1 to lean
    2 (causa) to support
    apoyo sustantivo masculino support
    ' apoyo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adhesión
    - agradecer
    - inapreciable
    - legitimar
    - negar
    - proporcionar
    - sola
    - solo
    - soporte
    - sostén
    - brindar
    - declarar
    - gestión
    - incondicional
    - manifestar
    - mayoritario
    - muleta
    - puntal
    - punto
    - respaldo
    - retirar
    - retiro
    - solicitar
    - sustento
    English:
    advocacy
    - against
    - aim
    - back
    - backing
    - backup
    - buttress
    - crutch
    - drum up
    - endorsement
    - financial
    - firm
    - foothold
    - freestanding
    - full
    - hilt
    - mass
    - moral
    - prop
    - rally
    - rest
    - solid
    - support
    - supportively
    - supportiveness
    - thankful
    - unreserved
    - whip up
    - wholehearted
    - widespread
    - win
    - with
    - by
    - foot
    - muster
    - sympathetic
    - woo
    * * *
    apoyo nm
    support;
    salieron adelante con el apoyo de su familia they got by with the support of her family;
    me dio su apoyo moral she gave me her moral support;
    buscan apoyos económicos para el proyecto they are seeking funding o financial support for the project;
    anunciaron su apoyo a la iniciativa they declared their support for the initiative;
    presentó las pruebas en apoyo de su teoría he presented the evidence to support his theory
    * * *
    m fig
    support;
    en apoyo de in support of
    * * *
    apoyo nm
    : support, backing
    * * *
    apoyo n support

    Spanish-English dictionary > apoyo

  • 8 económico

    adj.
    1 economic, economical, saving, sparing.
    2 cost-reducing, cost-cutting, cash-saving, economical.
    3 economic, related to economics.
    4 cheap to run, economic, cost-effective.
    5 inexpensive, cheap, low-priced, knockdown.
    * * *
    1 (gen) economic
    2 (barato) cheap, economical, inexpensive
    3 (persona) thrifty, careful with money
    \
    crisis económica economic crisis, recession
    * * *
    (f. - económica)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [gen] economic; [año] fiscal, financial
    2) (=barato) economical, inexpensive

    edición económica — cheap edition, popular edition

    3) (=ahorrativo) thrifty; pey miserly
    ECONÓMICO ¿"Economic" o "economical"? ► El adjetivo económico se traduce por economic cuando se refiere al comercio o las finanzas: China ha vivido cinco años de reformas económicas China has lived through five years of economic reforms ... el ritmo del crecimiento económico...... the pace of economic growth... ► Económico se traduce por economical cuando se usa para describir algo que presenta una buena relación calidad-precio: Resulta más económico tener un coche de gasoil It is more economical to have a diesel-engined car Economic se puede usar en inglés para traducir rentable: Mantendremos las tarifas altas para que el servicio resulte rentable We shall keep the fares high to make the service economic Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial
    2)
    a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensive
    b) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial
    2)
    a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensive
    b) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty
    * * *
    económico1
    1 = economic, financial, fiscal, monetary, monied, pecuniary, budget, moneyed.

    Ex: Generally, the availability of centralised cataloguing records will, if the economic aspects are favourable, encourage uniformity.

    Ex: SIA in the United Kingdom covers information on travel and transport, economics in EEC countries, construction of nuclear power stations, and financial information.
    Ex: The effect of fiscal pressures is particularly evident for government on-line systems, such as DOE/RECON.
    Ex: For example, if the local currency is Belgian francs, monetary amount are always entered in whole francs.
    Ex: This will shift the dynamics of information flow to policymakers to favour monied special interests, which threatens the democratic process.
    Ex: George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.
    Ex: The aricle has the title ' budget CD-Rewritable drives: to get the best deal, buy a CD-RW drive that's not top of the line'.
    Ex: It is generally recognized that collecting money from moneyed deadbeats is as much a social problem as street thuggery.
    * apoyo económico = financial backing.
    * ayuda económica = fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, grant, cash grant.
    * bache económico = economic doldrums.
    * brigada de delitos económicos = fraud squad.
    * burbuja económica = price bubble.
    * capacidad económica = earning capacity, earning power.
    * capital económico = financial capital.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * clima económico = economic climate.
    * comprobación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).
    * con poco recursos económicos = low-budget.
    * crisis económica = economic crisis, economic slump, difficult economic times, economic depression, economic doldrums.
    * crisis económica mundial = global economic slump.
    * cuestión económica = economic issue, financial issue.
    * depresión económica = economic depression, economic doldrums.
    * de recesión económica = recessionary.
    * desastre económico = financial disaster, economic disaster.
    * desde un punto de vista económico = economically.
    * de un modo económico = economically.
    * donación económica = monetary donation.
    * donación económica de fundación = endowment fund.
    * económico-técnico = economic-technical.
    * eficacia económica = economic efficiency.
    * ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.
    * en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.
    * equiparación económica = economic levelling.
    * estatus económico = economic status.
    * evaluación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * evaluar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * fondo económico = funds.
    * hastiado de la recesión económica = recession-weary.
    * historiador económico = economic historian.
    * incertidumbre económica = economic uncertainty.
    * índice económico = economic index.
    * influencia económica = economic influence.
    * información económica = business news.
    * informe económico = economic report.
    * interés económico = economic interest.
    * mala racha económica = economic doldrums.
    * medida económica = economic measure.
    * memoria económica = economic report.
    * modelo económico = economic model.
    * necesidad económica = economic necessity, economic need.
    * nivelación económica = economic levelling.
    * no económico = non-economic [noneconomic].
    * pasar apuros económicos = lead + a precarious existence.
    * política económica = political economy.
    * político-económico = politico-economic.
    * presión económica = economic pressure.
    * que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.
    * recesión económica = economic recession, difficult economic times, economic depression.
    * recortes económicos = economic retrenchment.
    * recuperación económica = economic recovery.
    * reforma económica = economic reform.
    * respaldo económico = financial backing.
    * riesgo económico = financial risk.
    * sanción económica = economic penalty, economic sanction.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * situación económica = economic status.
    * situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.
    * socioeconómico = socioeconomic [socio-economic].
    * teoría económica = economic theory.
    * trastorno económico = economic upheaval.
    * valor económico = economic value, monetary worth.

    económico2
    2 = cheap [cheaper -comp., cheapest -sup.], cost-effective [cost effective], economical, inexpensive, cost-efficient [cost efficient], dollar-saving, money-saving, thrifty [thriftier -comp., thriftiest -sup.], cut-price, cut-rate, affordable.

    Ex: These indexes are both cheap and quick to produce.

    Ex: OFFSEARCH is a means of running a search overnight on more than one data base, in a cost-effective mode.
    Ex: Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.
    Ex: a microcomputer will need an inexpensive software package in order to suitable for external communication.
    Ex: Good libraries are a cost-efficient integral part of an effective correctional programme in a detention centre.
    Ex: The article 'Two dollar-saving search tips' explains how to eliminate duplicate citations when printing out search results.
    Ex: It is ironic that reduced funding may threaten money-saving automation plans.
    Ex: As such, the library serves a large blue collar population of thrifty, hardworking people with a predilection toward conservatism in lifestyle and thought.
    Ex: Turkey is heavily promoted by tour operators as an idyllic holiday destination, the cut-price alternative to Greece or Cyprus.
    Ex: Most of these cut-rate laptops include a one-year parts and labor warranty.
    Ex: Information will become more affordable, accessible, and plentiful.
    * alojamiento económico = budget accommodation.
    * de forma económica = cost-effectively.
    * de un modo económico = thriftily.
    * de un modo poco económico = wastefully.
    * hotel económico = budget hotel.

    * * *
    A ‹crisis/situación› economic ( before n)
    tienen problemas económicos they have financial problems
    B
    1 ‹piso/comida› cheap; ‹restaurante/hotel› cheap, inexpensive
    2 (que gasta poco) ‹motor› economical; ‹persona› thrifty
    * * *

     

    económico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    1 ‹crisis/situación› economic ( before n);
    ‹problema/independencia› financial
    2
    a) ‹piso/comida› cheap;

    ‹restaurante/hotel› cheap, inexpensive

    ‹ persona› thrifty
    económico,-a adjetivo
    1 (país, empresa) economic
    (persona) financial: tienen problemas económicos, they have financial troubles
    2 (barato) economical, inexpensive: el traje me salió muy económico, the suit was very cheap
    comidas económicas, cheap meals
    3 (persona ahorradora) thrifty
    Recuerda que el adjetivo economic, relativo a la economía, no es igual al adjetivo economical, que significa económico, barato.
    ' económico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajuste
    - ámbito
    - beneficio
    - bloqueo
    - desajuste
    - despegue
    - económica
    - ejercicio
    - holgura
    - nivel
    - respaldo
    - revés
    - auge
    - clima
    - desbarajuste
    - orden
    - plan
    - refugiado
    - sostén
    English:
    budget
    - business
    - cheap
    - diner
    - ease
    - economic
    - economical
    - fall back on
    - financial
    - inexpensive
    - thrifty
    - wasteful
    - café
    - economics
    - support
    - third
    - uneconomical
    * * *
    económico, -a adj
    1. [asunto, doctrina, crisis] economic;
    la política económica del gobierno the government's economic policy;
    una familia con problemas económicos a family with financial problems;
    mi situación económica es desesperante my financial situation is desperate
    2. [barato] cheap, low-cost;
    pagándolo al contado te sale más económico it works out cheaper if you pay in cash
    3. [que gasta poco] [motor, aparato] economical;
    [persona] thrifty
    * * *
    adj
    1 economic
    2 ( barato) economical
    * * *
    económico, -ca adj
    : economic, economical
    * * *
    1. (de la economía) economic
    2. (que gasta poco) economical
    3. (que cuesta poco) inexpensive

    Spanish-English dictionary > económico

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 ejercicio

    m.
    1 exercise (tarea, deporte).
    hacer ejercicio to (do) exercise
    ejercicio físico physical exercise
    2 test (exam).
    3 practicing.
    ya no está en ejercicio he no longer practices
    4 exercising.
    5 financial year (finance).
    ejercicio económico/fiscal financial/tax year
    6 workout, drill, work-out, work-out session.
    * * *
    1 (de profesión) practice; (de derecho) use, exercise; (de función) performance
    2 EDUCACIÓN exercise (examen) test; (pregunta de examen) question; (deberes) homework
    3 DEPORTE exercise
    4 FINANZAS year
    \
    en ejercicio practising (US practicing)
    hacer ejercicio to do exercise, take exercise
    ejercicio económico financial year, fiscal year
    ejercicios espirituales spiritual retreat
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [físico] exercise
    2) (Educ) exercise
    3) (Mil) exercise

    ejercicio acrobático — (Aer) stunt

    4) [de cargo]

    abogado en ejercicio — practising o (EEUU) practicing lawyer

    5) (Com, Econ) financial year, fiscal year

    ejercicio contable — year of account, accounting year

    ejercicio fiscal — fiscal year, tax year

    6) (Rel)
    * * *
    1) ( actividad física) exercise
    2)
    a) ( de profesión) practice
    c) (de derecho, poder) exercise (frml)
    3) (Educ)
    a) ( trabajo de práctica) exercise
    b) (prueba, examen) test, exam
    4) (Mil) exercise, maneuver*
    5) (Econ, Fin) fiscal year (AmE), financial year (BrE)
    * * *
    = exercise, drill, drill practice, drill exercise, tenure.
    Ex. As a concluding exercise, therefore, it would be helpful for you to try some examples of analysis and translation on your own.
    Ex. An example of the type of drill which might be applied to the study of bibliographies is given below.
    Ex. No reinforcement drill practice was given to the control group.
    Ex. As drill exercises in writing, the writing of book reviews has little to commend it.
    Ex. During his tenure, OSU was recognized for the high quality Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) program it developed in serving both students and faculty.
    ----
    * causado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * cuaderno de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * ejercicio abdominal = sit-up.
    * ejercicio complementario = follow-up activity.
    * ejercicio de calentamiento = warm-up, warm-up exercise.
    * ejercicio de comprensión = comprehension exercise.
    * ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio fiscal = tax year, fiscal year, business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio físico = workout, physical exercise, exercise.
    * ejercicio físico consistente en saltar sin desplazarse abriendo y cerrando l = jumping jack.
    * ejercicio mental = mental gymnastics, mental operation.
    * ejercicio muscular = muscle exercise.
    * ejercicio práctico = practical, practical exercise, hands-on exercise.
    * ejercicios de clase = school tasks.
    * ejercicio y práctica = drill and practice.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hacer ejercicio físico = work out.
    * hacer ejercicios de calentamiento = limber up.
    * inducido por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * instalación para el ejercicio físico = physical facility.
    * instrucción mediante ejercicios = drilling.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * programa de ejercicio físico = exercise programme.
    * provocado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * * *
    1) ( actividad física) exercise
    2)
    a) ( de profesión) practice
    c) (de derecho, poder) exercise (frml)
    3) (Educ)
    a) ( trabajo de práctica) exercise
    b) (prueba, examen) test, exam
    4) (Mil) exercise, maneuver*
    5) (Econ, Fin) fiscal year (AmE), financial year (BrE)
    * * *
    = exercise, drill, drill practice, drill exercise, tenure.

    Ex: As a concluding exercise, therefore, it would be helpful for you to try some examples of analysis and translation on your own.

    Ex: An example of the type of drill which might be applied to the study of bibliographies is given below.
    Ex: No reinforcement drill practice was given to the control group.
    Ex: As drill exercises in writing, the writing of book reviews has little to commend it.
    Ex: During his tenure, OSU was recognized for the high quality Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) program it developed in serving both students and faculty.
    * causado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * cuaderno de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * ejercicio abdominal = sit-up.
    * ejercicio complementario = follow-up activity.
    * ejercicio de calentamiento = warm-up, warm-up exercise.
    * ejercicio de comprensión = comprehension exercise.
    * ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio fiscal = tax year, fiscal year, business year, accounting year.
    * ejercicio físico = workout, physical exercise, exercise.
    * ejercicio físico consistente en saltar sin desplazarse abriendo y cerrando l = jumping jack.
    * ejercicio mental = mental gymnastics, mental operation.
    * ejercicio muscular = muscle exercise.
    * ejercicio práctico = practical, practical exercise, hands-on exercise.
    * ejercicios de clase = school tasks.
    * ejercicio y práctica = drill and practice.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hacer ejercicio físico = work out.
    * hacer ejercicios de calentamiento = limber up.
    * inducido por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.
    * instalación para el ejercicio físico = physical facility.
    * instrucción mediante ejercicios = drilling.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * programa de ejercicio físico = exercise programme.
    * provocado por el ejercicio = exercise-induced.

    * * *
    debes comer menos y hacer más ejercicio you should eat less and exercise more o take more exercise
    el ejercicio físico physical exercise
    B
    1
    (de una profesión, una función): el título faculta para el ejercicio de la docencia the certificate qualifies o allows you to teach
    decisiones tomadas en el ejercicio de su cargo decisions taken in the course of his duties
    un militar en ejercicio a regular soldier
    abogado en ejercicio practicing lawyer
    el ejercicio democrático del poder the democratic exercise of power
    2
    (de un derecho): renunciaron al ejercicio del derecho al voto they chose not to exercise their right to vote
    C
    un ejercicio para reducir el abdomen an exercise to flatten the abdomen
    ejercicios de piano/inglés piano/English exercises
    2 (prueba, examen) test, exam
    Compuestos:
    repetition exercise o drill
    substitution exercise o drill
    shooting/rifle practice
    mpl:
    la semana que viene tienen ejercicios espirituales they are going on a retreat next week
    D ( Mil) exercise, maneuver*
    E ( Econ, Fin) accounting year, fiscal year ( AmE), financial year ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    ejercicio sustantivo masculino
    1 ( actividad física) exercise;

    2 (Educ)

    b) (prueba, examen) test, exam

    3 ( de profesión) practice
    4 (Mil) exercise, maneuver( conjugate maneuver)
    ejercicio sustantivo masculino
    1 exercise
    2 (desempeño de profesión) practice
    3 (movimiento físico) exercise: hace ejercicio todos los días, she does exercises every day
    4 Fin tax year
    ejercicio económico, financial year
    5 (examen, esp práctico) exam, proof
    (deberes prácticos) exercices
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en ejercicio, to practise one's profession: es juez en ejercicio, she's a practising judge
    ' ejercicio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    deberse
    - memoria
    - oxidarse
    - bicicleta
    - buzo
    - ejecutar
    - exceso
    - función
    - hacer
    - plana
    - relajar
    - sencillo
    - trotar
    English:
    bracing
    - conducive
    - do
    - exercise
    - financial year
    - flabby
    - object
    - practice
    - practicing
    - practise
    - practising
    - press-up
    - pursuit
    - rowing machine
    - work off
    - work out
    - comprehension
    - drill
    - financial
    - malpractice
    - running
    - sit
    - strike
    - tax
    - tenure
    - warm
    - work
    * * *
    1. [deporte] exercise;
    hacer ejercicio to exercise, to do exercise
    ejercicios de calentamiento warm-up exercises;
    ejercicio físico physical exercise;
    ejercicios de mantenimiento keep-fit exercises
    2. [tarea] exercise;
    ejercicios de inglés/guitarra English/guitar exercises
    Rel ejercicios espirituales retreat;
    ejercicios de tiro target practice
    3. [examen] test, US quiz;
    el profesor nos puso un ejercicio escrito/oral the teacher gave us a written/an oral Br test o US quiz
    4. Mil exercise
    5. [de profesión] practising;
    [de cargo, funciones] carrying out;
    se le acusa de negligencia en el ejercicio de sus funciones he has been accused of negligence in carrying out o in the performance of his duties;
    (estar) en ejercicio (to be) in practice;
    ya no está en ejercicio he no longer practises;
    un médico en ejercicio a practising doctor
    6. [de poder, derecho] exercising;
    el ejercicio del voto the use of one's vote
    7. Econ financial year
    ejercicio económico financial year;
    * * *
    m
    1 exercise;
    hacer ejercicio exercise
    2 COM fiscal year, Br
    financial year
    3 MIL
    :
    en ejercicio(s) on maneuvers, Br on manoeuvres
    * * *
    1) : exercise
    2) : practice
    * * *
    ejercicio n exercise
    hacer ejercicio to exercise / to take exercise

    Spanish-English dictionary > ejercicio

  • 11 place

    place [plas]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = esplanade) square
       b. ( = emplacement) place ; (assise) seat
    • laisser sa place à qn to give up one's seat to sb ; (figurative) to hand over to sb
    • prendre la place de qn to take sb's place ; ( = remplacer qn) to take over from sb
    • places assises 20, places debout 40 seating capacity 20, standing passengers 40
       c. ( = espace) room ; ( = emplacement réservé) space
       d. ( = billet) seat ; ( = prix, trajet) fare
       f. ( = emploi) job ; [de domestique] position
    • dans les médias, les places sont chères there's a lot of competition for jobs in the media
       i. (locutions)
    ► à la place ( = en échange) instead
    ► à la place de ( = au lieu de) instead of
    • se mettre à la place de qn to put o.s. in sb's shoes► à sa etc place ( = à l'endroit habituel)
    • à ma place, tu aurais accepté ? if you were me, would you have agreed?
    • mettre en place [+ service d'ordre] to deploy ; [+ mécanisme, dispositif] to install
    • (à consommer) sur place ou à emporter ? sit in or take away?
    * * *
    plas
    1) ( espace) room, space
    2) (emplacement, espace défini) gén place; ( pour s'asseoir) seat

    deux places pour ‘Le Lac des Cygnes’ — two tickets for ‘Swan Lake’

    place aux jeunes or à la jeunesse! — lit, fig make way for the young!

    payer sa place — (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay for one's ticket; ( dans un train etc) to pay one's fare

    les places sont chères — fig ( parking difficile) parking spaces are hard to find; ( âpre concurrence dans l'emploi) jobs are hard to come by

    prenez place — ( sur un siège) take a seat; ( chacun à son siège) take your seats; ( chacun à son poste) take your places

    sur place — [aller] to the scene; [arriver] on the scene; [étudier] on the spot; [enquête] on-the-spot

    3) ( dans un classement) place; ( dans un ordre) position

    à la place de — instead of, in place of

    en place — [système, structures] in place (après n); [troupes] in position (après n); [dirigeant, parti] ruling (épith)

    mettre en place — to put [something] in place [programme]; to put [something] in position [équipe]; to establish, to set up [réseau, institution]; to install [ligne téléphonique]

    7) Finance market
    8) ( emploi) job

    être maître de la place — lit to be in control; fig to rule the roost

    avoir un pied dans la place — fig to have a foot in the door

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    plas nf
    1) [ville, village] square
    2) [train, cinéma, voiture] seat

    Toutes les places ont été vendues. — All the seats have been sold.

    Il n'a pas payé sa place. — He didn't pay for his ticket.

    Il y a vingt places assises. — There are 20 seats.

    Il y a 20 places debout. — There is standing room for 20.

    3) (= endroit où l'on est assis) seat

    la place d'honneur — the place of honour Grande-Bretagne the place of honor USA the seat of honour Grande-Bretagne the seat of honor USA

    4) (= emplacement) place
    5) (espace libre) room, space

    ça prend de la place — it takes up a lot of room, it takes up a lot of space

    faire de la place à — to make room for, to make space for

    6) (place de stationnement) parking place

    Il ne reste plus de place pour se garer. — There's nowhere left to park.

    Vincent a eu la troisième place au concours. — Vincent got third place in the competition.

    8) (= emploi) job

    à la place de — instead of, in place of

    Il ne reste plus de tarte; désirez-vous quelque chose d'autre à la place? — There's no tart left; would you like something else instead?

    de place en place — here and there, in places

    par places — here and there, in places

    See:
    * * *
    place nf
    1 ( espace) room, space; avoir de la place to have room ou space (pour faire to do); il y a encore assez de place pour deux personnes/valises there's enough room ou space left for two people/suitcases; avoir la place de faire to have enough room ou space to do; prendre de la place to take up room ou space; (faire) perdre/gagner de la place to waste/to save space; faire de la place to make room ou space (à qn/qch for sb/sth; pour faire to do); se faire de la place to make room ou space for oneself; laisser de la place (pour une personne, un meuble) to leave enough room ou space; ( pour un écrit) to leave enough space; laisse-moi un peu de place pour leur écrire un mot leave me a bit of space to write them a few lines;
    2 (emplacement, espace défini) gén place; ( pour s'asseoir) seat; chaque chose à sa place everything in its place; il est resté une heure à la même place he stayed in the same place for an hour; remettre qch à sa place to put sth back in its place; les dictionnaires ne sont pas à la bonne/à leur place the dictionaries aren't in the right place/where they should be; j'ai deux places pour ‘Le Lac des Cygnes’ I've got two tickets for ‘Swan Lake’; il reste une place en première there's one seat left in first class; laisse ta place à la dame! give the lady your seat!; est-ce que cette place est libre? is this seat free?; une salle de 200 places a 200 seat auditorium; j'ai eu une place gratuite I got a free seat; garde-moi ma place ( dans une file) keep my place; (dans un train, au cinéma) keep my seat; garde-moi une place (dans le train, au cinéma) keep me a seat; payer sa place (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay for one's ticket; Transp to pay one's fare; payer place entière (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay full price; Transp to pay full fare; les places sont chères fig ( parking difficile) parking spaces are hard to find; ( âpre concurrence dans l'emploi) jobs are hard to come by; prenez place ( sur un siège) take a seat; ( chacun à son siège) take your seats; ( chacun à son poste) take your places; prendre place ( s'asseoir) to take a seat; ( s'installer) [exposant, stand] to set up; [tireur, policier] to position oneself; ( s'intégrer) to take one's place; roman qui a pris place parmi les plus grands novel that has taken its place among the greatest; sur place [aller, envoyer, se rendre] to the scene; [arriver] on the scene; [être, trouver, sautiller, étudier] on the spot; [enquête, recherche, tournage] on-the-spot ( épith); de place en place here and there; voiture de quatre places four-seater car; divan à trois places three-seater sofa; ⇒ chasse;
    3 ( emplacement pour se garer) parking place; appartement avec place de parking apartment with parking space; je n'ai pas trouvé de place pour or où me garer I couldn't find a parking space ou a place to park; un parking de 500 places a car park for 500 cars;
    4 (rang dans un classement, la société) place; ( position dans un ordre) position; prendre la place de qn to take sb's place; prendre or obtenir la deuxième place to take second place (à in); il est dans les premières/dernières places he's up toward(s) the top/down toward(s) the bottom; la place d'un mot dans une phrase the position of a word in a sentence; se faire une place dans le monde de la finance to carve out a place for oneself in the world of finance; être en bonne place pour gagner/réussir to be well-placed ou in a good position to win/succeed; il occupe une place éminente he holds a very high position (à, dans in); chacun (à) sa place everyone should know his place; il faut savoir rester à sa place you must know your place; il n'est pas à sa place dans cette réception he looks out of place at this reception; je ne me sens pas à ma place dans ce milieu I feel out of place in this environment; remettre qn à sa place to put sb in his/her place; quelle place faire à l'art? what place can be afforded to art?; avoir sa place dans to deserve a place in; il n'y a pas de place pour eux dans notre système there is no place for them in our system; avoir une place à part or de choix dans to have a special place in; tenir une grande place/une place très importante dans la vie de qn to play a large part/a very important part in sb's life; donner or consacrer or faire une large place à qch to put a lot of emphasis on sth; la place croissante de l'environnement en politique the growing emphasis on the environment in politics; notre travail laisse peu de place à l'imagination our work leaves little room for the imagination; faire place à to give way to; place aux jeunes or à la jeunesse! lit, fig make way for the young!;
    5 ( substitution) à la place de instead of, in place of; il a mis de la vodka à la place du cognac he's used vodka instead of brandy; il y a maintenant un comité à la place de l'ancien directeur there's now a committee in place of the former manager; ils sont partis/ont été récompensés à notre place they went/were rewarded instead of us; qu'aurais-tu fait à ma place? what would you have done in my place?; (si j'étais) à ta place if I were in your position ou shoes; mets-toi à leur place put yourself in their position ou shoes; téléphone-lui toi-même, je ne peux pas le faire à ta place! phone him yourself, I can't do it for you!; j'ai mis le vase à la place du cendrier I put the vase where the ashtray was; construire une école à la place de la gare ( où était la gare) to build a school where the station used to be; ( où était prévue la gare) to build a school where the station should have been; ( au lieu de) to build a school instead of a station;
    6 ( situation définie) en place [système, structures] in place ( après n); [troupes] in position ( après n); [dirigeant, pouvoir, régime, parti] ruling ( épith); les gens en place the powers that be; nos hommes sont en place our men are in position; ne plus tenir en place to be restless ou fidgety; les enfants ne tiennent plus en place the children keep fidgeting; mettre en place to put [sth] in place [grillage, programme, règlement, stratégie]; to put [sth] in ou into position [satellite, troupes, équipe]; to establish, to set up [réseau, marché, régime, institution]; to install [ligne téléphonique, canalisations]; se mettre en place [plan, politique, système, structure] to be put in place; [forces, troupes, police] ( être mis en position) to be put in ou into position; ( soi-même) to position oneself; [réseau, marché, régime] to be established, to be set up; mise en place (de grillage, système, normes, services) putting in place; (de satellite, forces, d'équipe) positioning; (de réseau, marché, régime, d'institution) establishment, setting up; (de ligne téléphonique, canalisation) installationGB; remettre en place to put [sth] back in place; on se retrouve sur place we'll meet up there; je suis sur place, je peux le faire I'm on the spot, I can do it; dépannage/inscriptions sur place on-the-spot repairs/registration; ouvrage à consulter sur place reference book; laisser qn sur place to leave sb standing;
    7 ( dans une agglomération) square; la place du village the village square; sur la place Tiananmen/Rouge in Tiananmen/Red Square; la place de la Concorde the Place de la Concorde; la place du marché the marketplace;
    8 Fin market; place financière financial market; sur la place parisienne or de Paris on the Paris market;
    9 ( emploi) job; avoir une bonne place chez to have a good job with; perdre sa place to lose one's job; c'est une place très recherchée or demandée it's a highly sought-after job ou position; il y a des places à prendre there are good job opportunities;
    10 ( forteresse) entrer dans la place to get in on the inside; être dans la place to be on the inside; être maître de la place lit to be in control; fig to rule the roost; se rendre maître de la place to take control; avoir un pied dans la place fig to have a foot in the door.
    place d'armes Mil parade ground; place assise seat; place forte Mil fortified town; place d'honneur ( à table) place ou seat of honourGB; la place publique the public; intéresser la place publique to interest the public; sur la place publique [célébrer, apprendre, entendre] in public; mettre or porter or étaler qch sur la place publique to bring sth out in the open [[information, projet].
    je ne lâcherais or donnerais pas ma place pour un empire I wouldn't change places for the world ou for all the tea in China; une place pour chaque chose et chaque chose à sa place Prov a place for everything and everything in its place.
    [plas] nom féminin
    1. [espace disponible] space (substantif non comptable), room (substantif non comptable)
    a. [à table, au lit] don't take up so much room
    laisser la ou faire place à to make room ou way for
    ce travail ne laisse aucune place à la créativité there's no place ou room for creativity in this kind of work
    place au sol [d'un ordinateur, d'une voiture] footprint
    b. (figuré) to clear up, to make a clean sweep
    2. [endroit précis] place, spot
    changer les meubles/la cuisinière de place to move the furniture around/the stove
    mets/remets les clefs à leur place put the keys/put the keys back where they belong
    [d'une personne]
    a. [sa position] to go back to one's place
    remettre quelqu'un à sa place to put somebody in his/her place
    se faire une place au soleil to make a success of things, to find one's place in the sun
    3. [siège] seat
    [fauteuil au spectacle] seat
    [billet] ticket
    b. [à table] to sit at the top ou head of the table
    réserver une place d'avion/de train to make a plane/train reservation
    dans le monde du spectacle, les places sont chères it's difficult to gain a foothold in show business
    4. [dans un parking] (parking) space
    un parking de 1 000 places a car park with space for 1,000 cars
    5. [espace urbain] square
    6. [poste, emploi] position, post
    7. [rang - dans une compétition] place, rank
    être ou partir en bonne place pour gagner to be (all) set to win
    place (forte) fortress, stronghold
    a. (sens propre) [ville assiégée] here we are, inside the walls (of the city)
    b. [endroit quelconque] here we are
    10. (Belgique) [pièce d'habitation] room
    ————————
    à la place locution adverbiale
    ————————
    à la place de locution prépositionnelle
    1. [au lieu de] instead of
    2. [dans la situation de]
    à ma/sa place in my/his place
    à ta place, j'irais if I were you I'd go
    je ne voudrais pas être à sa place rather him than me, I wouldn't like to be in his shoes
    de place en place locution adverbiale
    ————————
    en place locution adjectivale
    [important] established
    les gens en place disent que... the powers that be say that...
    ————————
    en place locution adverbiale
    1. [là] in position
    a. [équipement] to set up (separable) , to install
    b. [plan] to set up (separable) , to put into action
    c. [réseau] to set up (separable)
    ça va lui mettre/remettre les idées en place it'll give him a more realistic view of things/set him thinking straight again
    a. [il est turbulent] he can't keep still
    b. [il est anxieux] he's nervous
    c. [il voyage beaucoup] he's always on the move
    ————————
    par places locution adverbiale
    ————————
    sur place locution adverbiale
    la place Beauvau square in Paris (also refers to the Ministry of the Interior, whose offices are situated there)
    la place de la Concorde square in Paris (one of the biggest and busiest squares in Paris, laid out in the reign of Louis XV)
    la place du Colonel-Fabien square in Paris (also refers to the Communist party headquarters, which are situated there)
    la place de Grève former name of the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville in Paris. (The place where the unemployed gathered to wait for work, it was the origin of the expression "se mettre en grève")
    la place Rouge Red Square
    la place Saint-Marc Saint Mark's Square
    la place Tian'anmen Tiananmen Square
    la place Vendôme square in Paris (the name evokes opulence and luxury because of the Ritz hotel and the jewellery shops situated on the square)
    la place des Vosges elegant and fashionable square in the Marais district of Paris, built under Henri IV

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > place

  • 12 raha-avustus

    yks.nom. raha-avustus; yks.gen. raha-avustuksen; yks.part. raha-avustusta; yks.ill. raha-avustukseen; mon.gen. raha-avustusten raha-avustuksien; mon.part. raha-avustuksia; mon.ill. raha-avustuksiin
    allowance (noun)
    financial aid (noun)
    financial support (noun)
    * * *
    • allowance
    • financial aid
    • financial assistance
    • financial support
    • monetary aid
    • pecuniary aid
    • subsidy

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > raha-avustus

  • 13 vakavaraisuus

    yks.nom. vakavaraisuus; yks.gen. vakavaraisuuden; yks.part. vakavaraisuutta; yks.ill. vakavaraisuuteen; mon.gen. vakavaraisuuksien; mon.part. vakavaraisuuksia; mon.ill. vakavaraisuuksiin
    solidity (noun)
    solvency (noun)
    sound financial position (noun)
    * * *
    • respectability
    • solidity
    • solvency
    • solid financial standing
    • financial solidity
    • degree of solvency
    • capital adequancy
    • sound financial position
    • good financial standing

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > vakavaraisuus

  • 14 beteiligen

    I v/t: jemanden an etw. (Dat) beteiligen (aktiv mitwirken lassen) give s.o. a share in s.th.; an Verhandlungen: bring s.o. into s.th.; jemanden am Gewinn beteiligen give s.o. a share in the profits; jemanden an einem Geschäft beteiligen bring ( oder let) s.o. in on a deal
    II v/refl
    1. sich beteiligen an (+ Dat) oder bei take part ( oder participate) in; Beitrag leistend: contribute to; helfend: cooperate in
    2. finanziell: sich ( mit 50 Euro) an den Unkosten beteiligen contribute (50 euros) toward(s) the expenses
    * * *
    sich beteiligen
    to participate; to take part
    * * *
    be|tei|li|gen [bə'tailɪgn] ptp beteiligt
    1. vt

    betéíligen — to let sb take part in sth, to involve sb in sth; (finanziell) to give sb a share in sth

    2. vr
    to take part, to participate ( an +dat in); (finanziell) to have a share ( an +dat in)

    sich an den Unkosten betéíligen — to contribute to the expenses

    ich möchte mich bei or an dem Geschenk betéíligen — I would like to put something toward(s) the present

    * * *
    be·tei·li·gen *
    [bəˈtailɪgn̩]
    I. vt
    ▪ jdn [an etw dat] \beteiligen to give sb a share [in sth]
    er beteiligte seinen Sohn mit 15 % an seiner Firma he gave his son a 15% stake [or [financial] interest] in his company
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk [mit etw dat] [an etw dat] \beteiligen to participate [or take part] [in sth] [with sth]
    beteiligt sich dein Mann eigentlich auch an der Hausarbeit? does your husband help around the house? [or with the housework?]
    sich akk an einem Unternehmen \beteiligen to have a stake [or [financial] interest] in a company
    * * *
    1.

    sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen — participate or take part in something

    2.

    jemanden [mit 10 %] an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen — give somebody a [10 %] share of something

    * * *
    A. v/t:
    beteiligen (aktiv mitwirken lassen) give sb a share in sth; an Verhandlungen: bring sb into sth;
    jemanden am Gewinn beteiligen give sb a share in the profits;
    jemanden an einem Geschäft beteiligen bring ( oder let) sb in on a deal
    B. v/r
    1.
    sich beteiligen an (+dat) oder
    bei take part ( oder participate) in; Beitrag leistend: contribute to; helfend: cooperate in
    sich (mit 50 Euro) an den Unkosten beteiligen contribute (50 euros) toward(s) the expenses
    * * *
    1.

    sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen — participate or take part in something

    2.

    jemanden [mit 10 %] an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen — give somebody a [10 %] share of something

    * * *
    (an) v.
    to involve (in, with) v.
    to take part (in, with) expr. v.
    to enlist v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > beteiligen

  • 15 cambio de moneda

    (n.) = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchange
    Ex. The price in the local currency is then calculated from the information in the exchange rate table.
    Ex. This article defines financial information by looking at the information needs of 4 major divisions of the financial community: commodities; foreign exchange; capital markets; and securities and equities.
    Ex. Their response was significantly different, however, in large part due to much better understanding of the effect of foreign currency exchange rates on subscription prices of scientific and technical journals.
    Ex. For some countries trade fluctuates with changes in the weekly market rates of exchange, but for others it changes only when their currencies are realigned in the European Monetary System.
    Ex. This article highlights the foreign exchange rate problem in library periodicals purchasing.
    Ex. These systems carry up-to-the-minute information on stock prices, currency rates, world and national events, etc.
    Ex. As well as cuts imposed by the Government, libraries were faced with inflation in the price of books and periodicals, and a falling rate of exchange between the pound and the dollar.
    Ex. However, not all banks provide a currency exchange service.
    * * *
    (n.) = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchange

    Ex: The price in the local currency is then calculated from the information in the exchange rate table.

    Ex: This article defines financial information by looking at the information needs of 4 major divisions of the financial community: commodities; foreign exchange; capital markets; and securities and equities.
    Ex: Their response was significantly different, however, in large part due to much better understanding of the effect of foreign currency exchange rates on subscription prices of scientific and technical journals.
    Ex: For some countries trade fluctuates with changes in the weekly market rates of exchange, but for others it changes only when their currencies are realigned in the European Monetary System.
    Ex: This article highlights the foreign exchange rate problem in library periodicals purchasing.
    Ex: These systems carry up-to-the-minute information on stock prices, currency rates, world and national events, etc.
    Ex: As well as cuts imposed by the Government, libraries were faced with inflation in the price of books and periodicals, and a falling rate of exchange between the pound and the dollar.
    Ex: However, not all banks provide a currency exchange service.

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambio de moneda

  • 16 durante

    prep.
    during (mientras).
    por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please insure mobile phones are switched off during the film
    durante la guerra during the war
    estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking
    durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer
    durante una hora for an hour
    durante toda su vida throughout her life
    m.
    Durante, Jimmy Durante.
    * * *
    1 during, in, for
    * * *
    prep.
    during, for
    * * *
    PREP [con espacio de tiempo] during; [expresando la duración] for

    ¿qué hiciste durante las vacaciones? — what did you do in o during the holidays?

    ¿ha llovido durante el fin de semana? — did it rain at o over the weekend?

    durante toda la noche — all through the night, all night long

    DURANTE Para traducir durante tenemos que diferenciar si hace referencia a cuándo ocurre la acción o a cuánto dura. ¿Cuándo ocurre la acción? ► Traducimos durante por during si nos referimos al intervalo de tiempo en que ocurre la acción, cuando la referencia temporal la indica un suceso o actividad determinados: Se conocieron durante la guerra They met during the war Se puso enferma durante una visita a Madrid She became ill during a visit to Madrid La bomba hizo explosión durante la entrega de premios The bomb went off during the prize-giving ceremony ► También se traduce por during cuando la referencia temporal viene indicada por un periodo de tiempo concreto: El tráfico es peor durante el verano The traffic is worse during the summer Durante los años treinta la economía se hallaba en dificultades The economy was in difficulties during the 1930s Si se trata de una acción progresiva, o que continúa o que se repite durante todo el periodo de tiempo que se indica, es preferible traducir durante por over: La situación ha empeorado durante los últimos años The situation has worsened over the last few years Durante el fin de semana el actor ha sido visto en varias ocasiones There have been several sightings of the actor over the weekend ¿Cuánto dura la acción? ► Si nos referimos a la duración de la acción, durante se traduce generalmente por for: Llevo sufriendo dolores de cabeza durante más de treinta años I've been having headaches for more than 30 years Fue periodista durante cuatro años He was a journalist for four years Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *

    durante 1980 — during o in 1980

    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre — prices rose by 0.3% in December

    * * *
    = at the stage of, during, throughout.
    Ex. At the stage of subject analysis the indexer decides which, and there how many, concepts are selected for indexing purposes.
    Ex. This article singles out four trends which have influenced the work of UNESCO during the last decade.
    Ex. Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    ----
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * ausentarse durante + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.
    * durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.
    * durante años = for years.
    * durante años y años = for years and years (and years).
    * durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.
    * durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.
    * durante cuánto tiempo = how long.
    * durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.
    * durante días = for days.
    * durante días y días = for days on end.
    * durante el año pasado = over the past year.
    * durante el apogeo de = during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el descanso = at breaktime.
    * durante el día = by day, daytime [day-time], in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.
    * durante el entrenamiento = in practice.
    * durante el fin de semana = over the weekend.
    * durante el próximo año = over the next year.
    * durante el transcurso de = over the course of.
    * durante el transcurso de los acontecimientos = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante el transporte = in transit.
    * durante el último año = over the last year.
    * durante el vuelo = in-flight.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante este tiempo = in this time.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal, over + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal + y + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal + on end.
    * durante generaciones = for generations.
    * durante la bajamar = at low tide.
    * durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.
    * durante la década de = through + Década.
    * durante la guerra = during wartime, wartime [wart-time], war years, the.
    * durante la mayor parte de = for much of.
    * durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante la Navidad = at Christmas time.
    * durante la noche = overnight, night-time.
    * durante la Pascua = at Christmas time.
    * durante la pleamar = at high tide.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.
    * durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.
    * durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.
    * durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.
    * durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.
    * durante meses y meses = for months on end.
    * durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durante todo = all the way through, throughout.
    * durante todo el día = all day long.
    * durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.
    * durante todo el verano = all summer long.
    * durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante unos instantes = for a bit.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come.
    * durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.
    * esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * * *

    durante 1980 — during o in 1980

    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre — prices rose by 0.3% in December

    * * *
    = at the stage of, during, throughout.

    Ex: At the stage of subject analysis the indexer decides which, and there how many, concepts are selected for indexing purposes.

    Ex: This article singles out four trends which have influenced the work of UNESCO during the last decade.
    Ex: Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * ausentarse durante + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.
    * durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.
    * durante años = for years.
    * durante años y años = for years and years (and years).
    * durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.
    * durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.
    * durante cuánto tiempo = how long.
    * durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.
    * durante días = for days.
    * durante días y días = for days on end.
    * durante el año pasado = over the past year.
    * durante el apogeo de = during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el descanso = at breaktime.
    * durante el día = by day, daytime [day-time], in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.
    * durante el entrenamiento = in practice.
    * durante el fin de semana = over the weekend.
    * durante el próximo año = over the next year.
    * durante el transcurso de = over the course of.
    * durante el transcurso de los acontecimientos = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante el transporte = in transit.
    * durante el último año = over the last year.
    * durante el vuelo = in-flight.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante este tiempo = in this time.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal, over + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal + y + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal + on end.
    * durante generaciones = for generations.
    * durante la bajamar = at low tide.
    * durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.
    * durante la década de = through + Década.
    * durante la guerra = during wartime, wartime [wart-time], war years, the.
    * durante la mayor parte de = for much of.
    * durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante la Navidad = at Christmas time.
    * durante la noche = overnight, night-time.
    * durante la Pascua = at Christmas time.
    * durante la pleamar = at high tide.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.
    * durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.
    * durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.
    * durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.
    * durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.
    * durante meses y meses = for months on end.
    * durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durante todo = all the way through, throughout.
    * durante todo el día = all day long.
    * durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.
    * durante todo el verano = all summer long.
    * durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante unos instantes = for a bit.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come.
    * durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.
    * esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.

    * * *
    durante mi ausencia/su reinado during my absence/his reign
    durante 1980 during o in 1980
    gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas she governed the country for almost two decades
    normalmente no salimos durante la semana we don't normally go out during the week
    trabajé en casa durante toda esa semana I worked at home all that week o for the whole of that week
    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre prices rose by 0.3% in December
    cuando estas drogas se toman durante un período largo when these drugs are taken over o for a long period
    su condición ha empeorado durante los últimos días his condition has worsened over the last few days
    durante estos días realiza una gira por Italia she is at present o currently on tour in Italy
    * * *

     

    durante preposición ( en el transcurso de) during;
    ( cuando se especifica la duración) for;
    ◊ durante 1980 during o in 1980;

    gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas she governed the country for almost two decades;
    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre prices rose by 0.3% in December;
    durante todo el invierno throughout the winter
    durante preposición during: caminamos durante dos horas, we walked for two hours
    hablaremos durante la cena, we'll talk over dinner
    se durmió durante la conferencia, she fell asleep during the lecture
    estuvo llorando durante toda la noche, she was crying all night long
    Recuerda que during se usa con el "nombre" de un período (la guerra, el concierto, el día) y responde a la pregunta ¿cuándo ocurrió? For expresa duración ( tres días, un par de segundos) y responde a la pregunta ¿cuánto tiempo duró?

    ' durante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amiga
    - amigo
    - arrojadiza
    - arrojadizo
    - cada
    - cañón
    - cesar
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - cola
    - como
    - contienda
    - continuismo
    - corrillo
    - desarrollo
    - desnaturalizar
    - día
    - empeorar
    - encierro
    - exilio
    - extracorpórea
    - extracorpóreo
    - filmación
    - herida
    - legislatura
    - mes
    - mientras
    - novelón
    - pajolera
    - pajolero
    - por
    - seguida
    - seguido
    - ver
    - adolescencia
    - bajada
    - callado
    - cartearse
    - cartelera
    - cierto
    - crecimiento
    - detenido
    - empatar
    - guardar
    - lactancia
    - meditar
    - reemplazar
    - reemplazo
    - zarandear
    English:
    all
    - allege
    - almost
    - antsy
    - appal
    - appall
    - assistant
    - badly
    - besiege
    - blackout
    - blow
    - canvasser
    - climate
    - collapse
    - composed
    - course
    - craving
    - crib
    - deliberate
    - detention
    - diving
    - during
    - ensue
    - ferment
    - flatten
    - fluster
    - fold
    - for
    - forceps
    - go on
    - go-between
    - guffaw
    - haggle
    - hold against
    - homesick
    - hooligan
    - hound
    - in
    - in-flight
    - injure
    - intermission
    - intermittent
    - interrogate
    - keep in
    - major
    - monstrosity
    - neutrality
    - observation
    - outage
    - over
    * * *
    durante prep
    [en todo el tiempo de] for; [mientras] during;
    estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking;
    durante una hora for an hour;
    durante todo el mes de febrero for the whole of February, throughout the month of February;
    durante las vacaciones during the Br holidays o US vacation;
    llovió varias veces durante la semana it rained several times during the week;
    por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please ensure cellphones o Br mobile phones are switched off during the movie;
    durante un año se produjeron tres seísmos en la zona there were three earthquakes in the area in the space of a year;
    durante su estancia en Londres visitó varios museos he visited several museums while he was in London;
    durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer;
    llovió durante toda la semana it rained all week;
    * * *
    durante seis meses for six months
    * * *
    durante prep
    : during
    durante todo el día: all day long
    trabajó durante tres horas: he worked for three hours
    * * *
    durante prep
    1. during
    2. for

    Spanish-English dictionary > durante

  • 17 mercado

    m.
    1 market.
    mercado de abastos wholesale food market
    mercado bursátil stock market
    el mercado Común Common Market
    mercado de divisas currency market
    mercado exterior foreign market
    mercado financiero financial market
    mercado inmobiliario housing o property market
    mercado interbancario interbank market
    mercado interior domestic market
    mercado laboral labor market
    mercado libre free market
    mercado monetario money market
    mercado negro black market
    mercado de trabajo job market
    mercado único single market
    mercado Único Europeo European Single Market
    2 marketplace, mart, market, market place.
    3 market town.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: mercar.
    * * *
    1 market
    \
    mercado bursátil stock market
    Mercado Común Common Market
    mercado de abastos wholesale food market
    mercado de trabajo job market
    mercado de valores stock market
    mercado negro black market
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) fair
    * * *

    mercado de divisas — currency market, foreign exchange market

    mercado de trabajo — labour o (EEUU) labor market

    mercado exterior — foreign market, overseas market

    mercado laboral — labour o (EEUU) labor market

    mercado persa — Cono Sur cut-price store

    * * *
    1) ( plaza) market

    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado — to go to market

    2) (Com, Econ, Fin) market

    el mercado nacional/extranjero — the domestic/overseas market

    un mercado alcista/bajista — a rising/falling market

    •
    * * *
    = market, marketplace [market place], niche, target market, consumer market, market area.
    Ex. They have some very distinct advantages over more usual indexing techniques, and these are likely to assure citation indexes a place in the information market.
    Ex. These new course programmes will add on desirable new skills to those they already possess to fit them for employment in the information market place.
    Ex. This article describes the development and products of the company Farallon Computing which found a niche and expanded it to include a number of applications and products that people need.
    Ex. The number of copies are fixed in advance on the basis of a known target market, and are distributed by the sales network.
    Ex. Pornography will be a key factor in the sustained growth of the consumer market for CD-ROM databases.
    Ex. This is the result of a large company's process of business diversification based on the use of new technologies and the extension of its market area into Europe.
    ----
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * acaparar el mercado = dominate + the scene, corner + the market.
    * amañar el mercado = rig + the market.
    * analista de mercado = business researcher.
    * aprovecharse del mercado = skim + the market.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * con salida al mercado = due out.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * cuota de mercado = market share, mindshare.
    * demanda de mercado = market demand.
    * de mercado = marketing.
    * de venta en el mercado = commercially available.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigador de mercado = market researcher, market research worker.
    * lanzar al mercado = ship.
    * lanzarse al mercado = hit + the streets.
    * liberalizar el mercado = deregulate + market, liberalise + market.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.
    * manipular el mercado = rig + the market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado bibliotecario, el = library market, the.
    * mercado bursátil = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * mercado comercial = commercial market.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * mercado corporativo = corporate market.
    * mercado de abastos = public market.
    * mercado de capitales = financial market, capital market.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * mercado de la empresa = corporate market.
    * mercado de la información = information market place, information market.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * mercado de las microformas, el = microform market, the.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * mercado del turismo = tourist market.
    * mercado de masas = consumer market.
    * mercado de masas, el = mass market, the.
    * mercado de materias primas, el = commodity market, the.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * mercado de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone market.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market, securities market.
    * mercado doméstico = domestic market.
    * mercado editorial = book trade [booktrade].
    * mercado educativo = education market, educational market.
    * mercado empresarial = corporate market.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * mercado financiero = financial market, financial exchange.
    * mercado inmobiliario = property market.
    * mercado inmobiliario de alquiler = rented housing market.
    * mercado inmobiliario, el = housing market, the.
    * mercado internacional = international trade, international market.
    * mercado interno = internal market.
    * mercado laboral = labour market, job market.
    * mercado laboral, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado libre = free market, open market, free-for-all.
    * mercado mundial = global market, world market.
    * mercado naciente = emerging market.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * mercado negro = black market.
    * mercado público = public market.
    * mercado tradicional = traditional market.
    * mercado turístico = tourist market.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * monopolizar el mercado = corner + the market.
    * orientado hacia el mercado = market-orientated [market orientated], market-oriented [market oriented].
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * penetración de mercado = market penetration.
    * plaza del mercado = market square.
    * población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.
    * regido por el mercado = market led [market-led], market-driven.
    * regulador del mercado = market regulator.
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.
    * sacar al mercado = bring to + market.
    * saturación del mercado = market saturation.
    * segmento de mercado = market segment.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.
    * * *
    1) ( plaza) market

    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado — to go to market

    2) (Com, Econ, Fin) market

    el mercado nacional/extranjero — the domestic/overseas market

    un mercado alcista/bajista — a rising/falling market

    •
    * * *
    = market, marketplace [market place], niche, target market, consumer market, market area.

    Ex: They have some very distinct advantages over more usual indexing techniques, and these are likely to assure citation indexes a place in the information market.

    Ex: These new course programmes will add on desirable new skills to those they already possess to fit them for employment in the information market place.
    Ex: This article describes the development and products of the company Farallon Computing which found a niche and expanded it to include a number of applications and products that people need.
    Ex: The number of copies are fixed in advance on the basis of a known target market, and are distributed by the sales network.
    Ex: Pornography will be a key factor in the sustained growth of the consumer market for CD-ROM databases.
    Ex: This is the result of a large company's process of business diversification based on the use of new technologies and the extension of its market area into Europe.
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * acaparar el mercado = dominate + the scene, corner + the market.
    * amañar el mercado = rig + the market.
    * analista de mercado = business researcher.
    * aprovecharse del mercado = skim + the market.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * con salida al mercado = due out.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * cuota de mercado = market share, mindshare.
    * demanda de mercado = market demand.
    * de mercado = marketing.
    * de venta en el mercado = commercially available.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigador de mercado = market researcher, market research worker.
    * lanzar al mercado = ship.
    * lanzarse al mercado = hit + the streets.
    * liberalizar el mercado = deregulate + market, liberalise + market.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.
    * manipular el mercado = rig + the market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado bibliotecario, el = library market, the.
    * mercado bursátil = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * mercado comercial = commercial market.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * mercado corporativo = corporate market.
    * mercado de abastos = public market.
    * mercado de capitales = financial market, capital market.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * mercado de la empresa = corporate market.
    * mercado de la información = information market place, information market.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * mercado de las microformas, el = microform market, the.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * mercado del turismo = tourist market.
    * mercado de masas = consumer market.
    * mercado de masas, el = mass market, the.
    * mercado de materias primas, el = commodity market, the.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * mercado de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone market.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market, securities market.
    * mercado doméstico = domestic market.
    * mercado editorial = book trade [booktrade].
    * mercado educativo = education market, educational market.
    * mercado empresarial = corporate market.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * mercado financiero = financial market, financial exchange.
    * mercado inmobiliario = property market.
    * mercado inmobiliario de alquiler = rented housing market.
    * mercado inmobiliario, el = housing market, the.
    * mercado internacional = international trade, international market.
    * mercado interno = internal market.
    * mercado laboral = labour market, job market.
    * mercado laboral, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado libre = free market, open market, free-for-all.
    * mercado mundial = global market, world market.
    * mercado naciente = emerging market.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * mercado negro = black market.
    * mercado público = public market.
    * mercado tradicional = traditional market.
    * mercado turístico = tourist market.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * monopolizar el mercado = corner + the market.
    * orientado hacia el mercado = market-orientated [market orientated], market-oriented [market oriented].
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * penetración de mercado = market penetration.
    * plaza del mercado = market square.
    * población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.
    * regido por el mercado = market led [market-led], market-driven.
    * regulador del mercado = market regulator.
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.
    * sacar al mercado = bring to + market.
    * saturación del mercado = market saturation.
    * segmento de mercado = market segment.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.

    * * *
    A (plaza) market
    ir al mercadoor (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado to go to market
    día de mercado market day
    libre1 (↑ libre (1))
    Compuestos:
    ● mercado de abastos or ( RPl) de abasto
    ( Méx) flea market
    ● mercado de las pulgas or ( AmL) de pulgas
    flea market
    (CS) bazaar, street market
    B ( Com, Econ, Fin) market
    el mercado del petróleo the oil market
    inundan el mercado con sus productos they are flooding o swamping the market with their products
    el mercado nacional the domestic market
    el nuevo modelo ya salió al mercado the new model is available o on sale now, the new model is now on the market
    no hay mercado para ese producto there's no market for that product
    un mercado alcista a rising o bull market
    un mercado bajista a falling o bear market
    Compuestos:
    foreign exchange market
    ( Hist): el Mercado Común the Common Market
    capital market
    money market
    foreign exchange market
    futures market
    commodities market
    labor* market
    stock market
    emerging market
    niche market
    aftermarket, after-hours market
    labor* market
    money market
    world market
    black market
    niche market
    ( esp AmL period) parallel market, gray* market
    secondary market
    single (European) market
    vertical market
    * * *

     

    Del verbo mercar: ( conjugate mercar)

    mercado es:

    el participio

    mercado sustantivo masculino
    market;
    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado to go to market;

    mercado de (las) pulgas flea market;
    mercado persa (CS) bazaar, street market;
    el mercado del petróleo the oil market;
    salir al mercado to come onto the market;
    el Mmercado Común the Common Market;
    mercado de divisas foreign exchange market;
    mercado de trabajo job market;
    mercado negro black market;
    mercado paralelo parallel market
    mercado sustantivo masculino market
    mercado de trabajo, labour market
    mercado nacional/negro, domestic/black market

    ' mercado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abasto
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abrir
    - CNMV
    - duda
    - economía
    - estudio
    - hormiguear
    - nacional
    - negra
    - negro
    - plaza
    - prospección
    - rastro
    - segmento
    - tejemaneje
    - tendencia
    - alcista
    - artesanía
    - barato
    - barrio
    - bazar
    - conquistar
    - estudiar
    - feria
    - hueco
    - libre
    - lonja
    - marchante
    - mundial
    - municipal
    - parada
    - pasar
    - puesto
    - regir
    - salir
    - único
    - vendedor
    - vuelco
    English:
    AMEX
    - arm's length
    - bazaar
    - bottom
    - bullish
    - buoyancy
    - buoyant
    - come out
    - commodity
    - consumer research
    - corner
    - depress
    - depressed
    - dump
    - economy
    - equip
    - future
    - LIBOR
    - market
    - market demand
    - market forces
    - market price
    - market research
    - market share
    - market stall
    - marketplace
    - money market
    - niche
    - open
    - open up
    - out
    - outlet
    - penetrate
    - recall
    - slack
    - stall
    - stand
    - tap
    - target market
    - withdraw
    - black
    - bring
    - common
    - field
    - flea
    - flood
    - inroads
    - muscle
    - release
    - shopping
    * * *
    1. [lugar] market
    RP mercado de abasto wholesale market;
    mercado de abastos wholesale market;
    mercado al aire libre open-air market;
    mercado de ganado cattle market;
    mercado mayorista wholesale market;
    Chile mercado persa flea market; RP Fam
    ser un mercado persa to be a mess;
    Méx mercado sobre ruedas street market
    2. Com & Fin mercado alcista bull market;
    mercado al alza bull market;
    mercado a la baja bear market;
    mercado bajista bear market;
    mercado bursátil stock market;
    mercado de cambios currency market, foreign exchange market;
    mercado de capitales capital market;
    mercado común Common Market;
    Mercado Común Centroamericano Central Amercan Common Market, = Central American economic community formed by Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua;
    Antes Mercado Común Europeo European Common Market;
    Mercado Común del Sur MERCOSUR, = South American economic community consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay;
    mercado continuo continuous market;
    mercado de divisas currency market, foreign exchange market;
    mercado exterior foreign market;
    mercados financieros financial markets;
    mercado de futuros futures market;
    mercado global global marketplace;
    mercado inmobiliario housing market, property market;
    mercado interbancario interbank market;
    mercado interior domestic market;
    mercado laboral labour market;
    mercado libre free market;
    mercado de materias primas commodity market;
    mercado monetario money market;
    mercado mundial global marketplace;
    mercado nacional domestic market;
    mercado negro black market;
    Am mercado paralelo parallel market;
    mercado de trabajo labour o job market;
    UE mercado único single market;
    mercado de valores securities market
    * * *
    m market;
    abrir nuevos mercados open up new markets
    * * *
    : market
    mercado de trabajo: or
    mercado laboral: labor market
    mercado de valores: or
    mercado bursátil: stock market
    * * *
    mercado n market

    Spanish-English dictionary > mercado

  • 18 presupuesto

    adj.
    presupposed, estimated.
    m.
    1 budget, estimate.
    2 presupposition.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: presuponer.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: presupuestar.
    * * *
    1 (en finanzas, política) budget; (de una obra, reparación) estimate
    2 (supuesto) assumption
    ————————
    1→ link=presuponer presuponer
    1 (en finanzas, política) budget; (de una obra, reparación) estimate
    2 (supuesto) assumption
    \
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Econ) budget
    2) [para obra, encargo etc] estimate
    3) (=supuesto) premise, assumption
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fin) budget

    presupuestos generales del Estado — state/national budget

    b) ( precio estimado) estimate

    pedir/hacer un presupuesto — to ask for/give an estimate

    2) ( supuesto) assumption, supposition
    * * *
    = assumption, budget, presumption, presupposition [pre-supposition], quotation, financial statement, budget dollar, purse strings, budget allocation, budgetary allocation, quote.
    Ex. Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex. Factors here may be: total budget available for the production of abstracts.
    Ex. Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection.
    Ex. Computers hold pre-defined and fixed presuppositions, whilst those of humans are unpredictable.
    Ex. When costing, the quotation given seriously underestimated the time needed for the job = Cuando se calculó el costo, el presupuesto que se dio subestimó en gran medida el tiempo necesario para hacer el trabajo.
    Ex. These include an explanatory memorandum which sets out the background of the proposal, and usually also a financial statement of likely budget expenditure.
    Ex. The library and information sectors have to escalate their fight for every budget dollar, and some struggle to justify their very existence.
    Ex. The problem is spreading rapidly, affecting people at all levels of society some of whom control the fate and purse strings of libraries.
    Ex. If there is no policy of standardization, the librarian will be free to choose any suitable system within the budget allocation.
    Ex. The figures in brackets are the percentages of the 1982 budgetary allocations for research.
    Ex. This is the most cost-effective method of acquisition because of the opportunity to choose the least expensive quote from multiple quotes through increasing purchasing power.
    ----
    * administrar el presupuesto = manage + funds.
    * agotar el presupuesto = drain + budget.
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignar un presupuesto = allocate + funds.
    * aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.
    * austeridad de los presupuestos = budgetary stringency.
    * basarse en + presupuesto = assumption + undergird.
    * confección del presupuesto = budgeting.
    * congelación de los presupuestos = budget freeze.
    * congelar el presupuesto = freeze + budget.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * control de los presupuestos = budgetary control.
    * con un presupuesto limitado = low-budget.
    * con un presupuesto muy exiguo = on a shoestring (budget).
    * con un presupuesto reducido = low-budget.
    * dado a recortar presupuestos = budget-cutting.
    * elaboración del presupuesto = budgeting process.
    * elaboración de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * encargado de hacer el presupuesto = budgetmaker.
    * encargarse del presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * equilibrar el presupuesto = balance + the budget.
    * exceso en el presupuesto = budget overrun, overrun [over-run], cost overrun.
    * hacer un presupuesto = cost.
    * inflar un presupuesto = pad + a budget.
    * limitación del presupuesto = budget constraint.
    * partir de presupuestos = make + assumption.
    * presupuesto asignado por actividades = performance budget.
    * presupuesto asignado según una fórmula = formula budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto congelado = stagnant budget, frozen budget.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto de base cero = zero-base(d) budgeting (ZZB), zero-base(d) budget.
    * presupuesto desglosado por partidas = programme budget, programme budgetting.
    * presupuesto detallado = line item budget.
    * presupuesto exiguo = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto extraordinario = capital grant.
    * presupuesto global = lump sum budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * presupuesto para gastos de funcionamiento = operating budget, operating funds.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * presupuesto precario = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto público = public funding.
    * presupuestos = funding.
    * presupuestos de la mayoría = majority assumptions.
    * presupuestos públicos = state finance.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.
    * recortar el presupuesto = cut back + budget, cut + budget, squeeze + budget.
    * recorte del presupuesto = budgetary constraint, funding cut.
    * recorte de presupuesto = cut in budget.
    * recorte en el presupuesto = funding cut.
    * reducir el presupuesto = cut + monies from + budget.
    * sin exceder el presupuesto = budgetable.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Fin) budget

    presupuestos generales del Estado — state/national budget

    b) ( precio estimado) estimate

    pedir/hacer un presupuesto — to ask for/give an estimate

    2) ( supuesto) assumption, supposition
    * * *
    = assumption, budget, presumption, presupposition [pre-supposition], quotation, financial statement, budget dollar, purse strings, budget allocation, budgetary allocation, quote.

    Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.

    Ex: Factors here may be: total budget available for the production of abstracts.
    Ex: Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection.
    Ex: Computers hold pre-defined and fixed presuppositions, whilst those of humans are unpredictable.
    Ex: When costing, the quotation given seriously underestimated the time needed for the job = Cuando se calculó el costo, el presupuesto que se dio subestimó en gran medida el tiempo necesario para hacer el trabajo.
    Ex: These include an explanatory memorandum which sets out the background of the proposal, and usually also a financial statement of likely budget expenditure.
    Ex: The library and information sectors have to escalate their fight for every budget dollar, and some struggle to justify their very existence.
    Ex: The problem is spreading rapidly, affecting people at all levels of society some of whom control the fate and purse strings of libraries.
    Ex: If there is no policy of standardization, the librarian will be free to choose any suitable system within the budget allocation.
    Ex: The figures in brackets are the percentages of the 1982 budgetary allocations for research.
    Ex: This is the most cost-effective method of acquisition because of the opportunity to choose the least expensive quote from multiple quotes through increasing purchasing power.
    * administrar el presupuesto = manage + funds.
    * agotar el presupuesto = drain + budget.
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignar un presupuesto = allocate + funds.
    * aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.
    * austeridad de los presupuestos = budgetary stringency.
    * basarse en + presupuesto = assumption + undergird.
    * confección del presupuesto = budgeting.
    * congelación de los presupuestos = budget freeze.
    * congelar el presupuesto = freeze + budget.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * control de los presupuestos = budgetary control.
    * con un presupuesto limitado = low-budget.
    * con un presupuesto muy exiguo = on a shoestring (budget).
    * con un presupuesto reducido = low-budget.
    * dado a recortar presupuestos = budget-cutting.
    * elaboración del presupuesto = budgeting process.
    * elaboración de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * encargado de hacer el presupuesto = budgetmaker.
    * encargarse del presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * equilibrar el presupuesto = balance + the budget.
    * exceso en el presupuesto = budget overrun, overrun [over-run], cost overrun.
    * hacer un presupuesto = cost.
    * inflar un presupuesto = pad + a budget.
    * limitación del presupuesto = budget constraint.
    * partir de presupuestos = make + assumption.
    * presupuesto asignado por actividades = performance budget.
    * presupuesto asignado según una fórmula = formula budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * presupuesto congelado = stagnant budget, frozen budget.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto de base cero = zero-base(d) budgeting (ZZB), zero-base(d) budget.
    * presupuesto desglosado por partidas = programme budget, programme budgetting.
    * presupuesto detallado = line item budget.
    * presupuesto exiguo = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto extraordinario = capital grant.
    * presupuesto global = lump sum budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * presupuesto para gastos de funcionamiento = operating budget, operating funds.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * presupuesto precario = shoestring budget.
    * presupuesto público = public funding.
    * presupuestos = funding.
    * presupuestos de la mayoría = majority assumptions.
    * presupuestos públicos = state finance.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.
    * recortar el presupuesto = cut back + budget, cut + budget, squeeze + budget.
    * recorte del presupuesto = budgetary constraint, funding cut.
    * recorte de presupuesto = cut in budget.
    * recorte en el presupuesto = funding cut.
    * reducir el presupuesto = cut + monies from + budget.
    * sin exceder el presupuesto = budgetable.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Fin) budget
    presupuestos generales del Estado state/national budget
    pedir/hacer un presupuesto to ask for/give an estimate
    B (supuesto) assumption, supposition
    parten de unos presupuestos falsos they are basing their theory on false assumptions o premises
    * * *

     

    Del verbo presuponer: ( conjugate presuponer)

    presupuesto es:

    el participio

    Del verbo presupuestar: ( conjugate presupuestar)

    presupuesto es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    presupuestó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    presuponer    
    presupuestar    
    presupuesto
    presuponer ( conjugate presuponer) verbo transitivo
    to presuppose (frml), assume
    presupuesto sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Fin) budget



    2 ( supuesto) assumption, supposition
    presuponer verbo transitivo to presuppose, assume
    presupuestar verbo transitivo
    1 (incluir en un presupuesto) to budget for
    2 (calcular gastos, ingresos) to estimate for
    presupuesto sustantivo masculino
    1 Fin budget
    2 (cálculo aproximado) estimate, (más detallado) quote
    3 (presuposición) supposition, assumption
    Estimate es el presupuesto que pides antes de encargar algún trabajo en un taller, tienda, etc. Budget es el presupuesto que te sirve para planificar tus gastos.
    ' presupuesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajustada
    - ajustado
    - compromiso
    - consignar
    - contrapartida
    - dar
    - estiramiento
    - hinchar
    - holgada
    - holgado
    - inflar
    - militar
    - nivelar
    - partida
    - presupuestar
    - reforma
    - cotización
    - reducido
    - salir
    English:
    allocate
    - balance
    - budget
    - estimate
    - low-budget
    - quotation
    - quote
    - sales budget
    - B
    - leeway
    * * *
    presupuesto, -a
    ♦ participio
    ver presuponer
    ♦ nm
    1. [dinero disponible] budget
    presupuestos (generales) del Estado state budget, national budget
    2. [cálculo de costes] estimate;
    pedir (un) presupuesto to ask for an estimate;
    me han dado un presupuesto de dos millones they've given me an estimate of two million
    3. [suposición] assumption
    * * *
    I part → presuponer
    II m POL budget
    * * *
    1) : budget, estimate
    2) : assumption, supposition
    * * *
    antes de pintar el piso, pidió varios presupuestos before having the flat painted, she got several estimates

    Spanish-English dictionary > presupuesto

  • 19 recesión

    f.
    recession, slump, contraction, economic recession.
    * * *
    1 recession
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF (Com, Econ) recession; [de precios] slide, fall
    * * *
    femenino recession
    * * *
    = downturn, ebb, recession.
    Ex. Part of the trend towards declining conference attendance results from the downturn in the economy = Parte de la tendencia hacia el descenso de la asistencia a los congresos es consecuencia de la caída de la economía.
    Ex. The ebb in religious life is explained in terms of the stress experienced by the nation during the period of confederation when it was groping for cohesiveness & some symbol of national unity.
    Ex. Publishers have been holding prices down in the face of deepening recession.
    ----
    * de recesión = recessionary.
    * de recesión económica = recessionary.
    * en tiempos de recesión = in recessionary times.
    * en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.
    * hastiado de la recesión económica = recession-weary.
    * recesión + caer en = recession + set in.
    * recesión económica = economic recession, financial restraint, financial restriction, bad economic times, economic downturn, difficult economic times, difficult economic times, economic depression.
    * recesión + entrar = recession + set in.
    * recesión + llegar = recession + set in.
    * recesión mundial = world recession.
    * * *
    femenino recession
    * * *
    = downturn, ebb, recession.

    Ex: Part of the trend towards declining conference attendance results from the downturn in the economy = Parte de la tendencia hacia el descenso de la asistencia a los congresos es consecuencia de la caída de la economía.

    Ex: The ebb in religious life is explained in terms of the stress experienced by the nation during the period of confederation when it was groping for cohesiveness & some symbol of national unity.
    Ex: Publishers have been holding prices down in the face of deepening recession.
    * de recesión = recessionary.
    * de recesión económica = recessionary.
    * en tiempos de recesión = in recessionary times.
    * en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.
    * hastiado de la recesión económica = recession-weary.
    * recesión + caer en = recession + set in.
    * recesión económica = economic recession, financial restraint, financial restriction, bad economic times, economic downturn, difficult economic times, difficult economic times, economic depression.
    * recesión + entrar = recession + set in.
    * recesión + llegar = recession + set in.
    * recesión mundial = world recession.

    * * *
    recession
    entrar en recesión to go into recession
    recesión económica economic recession
    * * *

    recesión sustantivo femenino
    recession
    recesión f Econ recession
    ' recesión' also found in these entries:
    English:
    bounce back
    - recession
    - sale
    * * *
    1. [económica] recession
    2. [suspensión] recess
    * * *
    f recession
    * * *
    recesión nf, pl - siones : recession

    Spanish-English dictionary > recesión

  • 20 montepío

    m.
    assistance fund, charitable fund.
    * * *
    1 (sociedad) friendly society, benefit society
    2 (depósito) welfare fund
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=sociedad) friendly society; (=fondo) charitable fund for dependents
    2) And, Cono Sur (=viudedad) widow's pension
    3) (=monte de piedad) pawnshop
    * * *
    1) ( monte de piedad) pawnshop
    2)
    b) ( pensión) pension
    c) (Chi) (de huérfano, viuda) dependent's pension
    * * *
    = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society.
    Ex. The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.
    Ex. Wilson thought that most of these objectives were unattainable by provident societies, since they were governed by people of various religious denominations.
    Ex. Most mutual benefit societies formed to provide financial assistance for members who were unable to work because of illness, funeral and burial expenses, pensions for widows and orphans, and low-interest loans.
    * * *
    1) ( monte de piedad) pawnshop
    2)
    b) ( pensión) pension
    c) (Chi) (de huérfano, viuda) dependent's pension
    * * *
    = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society.

    Ex: The origins of this institution -- part trade union, part friendly society, and part social club -- are obscure, but chapels were well established by the mid sixteenth century in the larger continental shops.

    Ex: Wilson thought that most of these objectives were unattainable by provident societies, since they were governed by people of various religious denominations.
    Ex: Most mutual benefit societies formed to provide financial assistance for members who were unable to work because of illness, funeral and burial expenses, pensions for widows and orphans, and low-interest loans.

    * * *
    B
    2 (pensión) pension
    3 ( Chi) (de huérfano, viuda) dependent's pension
    * * *
    1. [institución] mutual aid society
    2. [fondo] charitable fund [for workers and their dependents]
    3. [pensión] pension [from mutual aid society]

    Spanish-English dictionary > montepío

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